ウィキベース/用語

This page is a translated version of the page Wikibase/Terms and the translation is 49% complete.

用語集

クラウド

A colloquial term for a large group of servers managed by one or more organizations known as "cloud providers": customers of the cloud provider can purchase the use of servers and other hosted services and run their own software, all by connecting to the cloud provider over the internet. In turn, their own customers access and use their software over the internet.

例: Amazon Web Services (AWS) はクラウドプロバイダーです。 Company "Ex", who for the purposes of our example makes an online spreadsheet application called "ExampleCalc", rents servers from AWS, hosts their software on some of AWS's cloud servers and makes access to ExampleCalc available to their own customers. Ex's ExampleCalc is now a cloud-hosted application on AWS.

データベース

A piece of software that stores organized information and makes it available to other applications, often by means of a set of commands called a query language. 「データベース」はしばしば、より正式な名前であるDBMSの代わりに使われます。 "Database" can also refer to the data itself that such an application stores. Most people don't use "DBMS" when referring to the type of application, instead using the word "database" to refer to both and relying on context to distinguish them.

データオブジェクト

コンピューターによって処理されている個々のデータ片。それは単一の値の場合も値のグループの場合もあり、それを参照できるようにするラベルや「識別子」を持つ場合もあります。データオブジェクトはデータ型を持ちます。

データ型

データ片の特性（数値、文字列、URL、タイムスタンプ、など）およびそれが取る特定の形式。

例: integer (4); string ("Mary had a little lamb"); URL ("https://wikibase.cloud"); time (Thu 1 Jan 01:00:00 EST 1970).

DBMS

DataBase Management System — データベース管理システム。 The formal name for a "database" when that term is used to refer to a piece of software that manages stored data, and not the data store itself.

Elasticsearch

A piece of software that allows users to perform full-text searches across large bodies of data. Elasticsearch is often used in conjunction with Wikibase to augment MediaWiki’s own search.

拡張機能

(MediaWiki) A piece of software that extends MediaWiki's default functionality, that which MediaWiki can do by default. A good example is the VisualEditor, which allows users to edit wiki entries as if they were using a word processor.

項目

In RDF, an object, concept, or event that appears in a triple (the subject, possibly also the object).

Examples: "red", "empathy", "New Year's Eve"

See Wikidata's own glossary entry on 'item'.

ホスト

（名詞）サーバーの同義語。

（動詞）ソフトウェアをホストするとは、サーバー上にソフトウェアをインストールし、そして通常、インターネット経由でそのソフトウェアにアクセスできるようにすることを意味します。

リンクトオープンデータ

Linked Open Data (LOD) — 構造化され、インターネット経由で公開および他のデータと相互リンクされているデータ。 As Sir Tim Berners-Lee describes it: "Linked Open Data is linked data which is released under an open license, which does not impede its reuse for free."

See the excellent Wikipedia article on the topic and this helpful description of five-star data.

MediaWiki

A piece of software running in a web server that lets you create and edit wikis. MediaWiki is free software developed by the MediaWiki community and distributed under the GNU Public License, GPL.

接頭辞

クエリサービスにおいて、接頭辞はクエリ要素がどのウィキベースインスタンスを参照するのかを定義します。ウィキデータが既定ですが、クエリは別の接頭辞も定義できます。

例:

PREFIX exd: <https://example.wikibase.cloud/entity/>
PREFIX exdt: <https://example.wikibase.cloud/prop/direct/>
[...]
    ?item exdt:P5 exd:Q146 .
    ?item exdt:P27 ?creationDate .
[...]

meaning that:

prefixes exd and exdt identify the aliases of corresponding URLs
following both triplets <subject> <predicate> <object> allow to select (generally in a loop):

the items of current store having property P5 with value Q146. P5 is defined in the external store exdt, and the value is defined in store exd. Save the value of the element in variable item
among these elements select those having a property P27 and assign the value to variable creationDate

Thus we get a list of couples (element, creation date) where property P5 is Q146 for all.

プロパティ

In RDF, a descriptor that appears in a triple (the predicate) that describes the relationship between two pieces of information.

Examples: "is capital of", "inventor of", "instance of"

See Wikidata's own glossary entry on 'property'.

クエリ

データベースから情報を要求するために使用されるコマンド。

クエリ言語

データベースから情報を要求するために使用されるコマンドの体系。
Structured Query Language — SQLはよく使われているクエリ言語の例であり、数々の他のクエリ言語はコマンドや構文の多くがSQLに基づいています。例: SPARQL. これらはプログラミング言語あるいはマークアップ言語という意味での「言語」です。

クエリサービス

WDQS 参照。

RDBMS

Relational DataBase Management System — DBMS 参照。 A relational database stores its data in tables and other structures, according to a system or plan known as a schema. All databases that can be used to run MediaWiki are relational: MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite, etc.

A relational database exists in contrast to a non-relational or NoSQL database, where data is stored unstructured in collections.

RDF

Resource Description Framework — A system of representing information in a structured way, used by Wikibase and other software in the Linked Open Data web.

See the W3C's document on RDF concepts.

スキーマ

The system of organization that a relational database uses to store its data. Among other structures, a schema contains tables, views and indices.

サーバー

A computer on which pieces of software run for long periods of time, such as databases. Also: the software that runs on such computers, such as a web server. The senses are often used interchangeably; whether the speaker is referring to the computer itself or the software running on the computer can be difficult to determine and depends on context.

SPARQL

SPARQL Protocol And RDF Query Language — A query language used to interact with data in RDF data stores such as Wikibase.

See the Apache Software Foundation's SPARQL tutorial.

文

In RDF, data is presented in the following form: a subject (item), a predicate (property) and an object (item, quantity, mathematical expression...).

Example: "<Berlin> <is the capital of> <Germany>."
Example: "<Berlin> <has a population of> <3.7 million>."

These three pieces of information together are called a triple, and as a single piece of information it's called a statement.

See the Wikidata glossary entry, the Wikipedia article on triples and the W3C's primer.

構造化データ

コンピューターによって容易に処理できるように高度に組織化されている情報。

トリプル

文を参照。

WDQS

WikiData Query Service — SPARQLクエリ言語を使ってウィキベースからデータを抽出する方法を提供するソフトウェア。

ウィキデータのクエリサービス文書を参照。

ウェブサーバー

A piece of software that serves web pages and content. Sometimes that content is generated by other server software, which is said to be running "in" the web server.

More precisely, a web server is an application that receives requests and answers them by sending back data that a web browser (Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, etc.) uses to display a web page to an end user. A web server communicates using the HTTP protocol and serves information over the internet.

ウィキ

A knowledge base, often public, where anyone with access can add and edit information. "Anyone with access" might mean everyone in an organization or everyone in the world.