I just disabled all extensions and edits are showing up in Recent Changes now as expected. So now begins the task of activating them one by one to figure out which one was causing the problem. I'll report back after I do.
For reference, here are all the extensions/potential culprits:
wfLoadExtension( 'AbuseFilter' );
require_once "$IP/extensions/AmazonBookShow/AmazonBookShow.php";
wfLoadExtension( 'AutoCreateCategoryPages' );
wfLoadExtension( 'CategoryTree' );
wfLoadExtension( 'CheckUser' );
wfLoadExtension( 'Cite' );
wfLoadExtension( 'cldr' );
wfLoadExtension( 'CommentStreams' );
wfLoadExtensions([ 'ConfirmEdit', 'ConfirmEdit/ReCaptchaNoCaptcha' ]);
wfLoadExtension( 'CookieWarning' );
wfLoadExtension( 'Description2' );
wfLoadExtension( 'Echo' );
wfLoadExtension( 'EventStreamConfig' );
wfLoadExtension( 'Flow' );
wfLoadExtension( 'Gadgets' );
require_once "$IP/extensions/JobBoard/JobBoard.php";
wfLoadExtension( 'Maps' );
wfLoadExtension( 'Moderation' );
wfLoadExtension( 'MultimediaViewer' );
wfLoadExtension( 'Nuke' );
wfLoadExtension( 'OATHAuth' );
wfLoadExtension( 'OpenGraphMeta' );
wfLoadExtension( 'PageForms' );
wfLoadExtension( 'PageImages' );
wfLoadExtension( 'ParserFunctions' );
wfLoadExtension( 'Renameuser' );
wfLoadExtension( 'ReplaceText' );
wfLoadExtension( 'RevisionSlider' );
wfLoadExtension( 'SecureLinkFixer' );
wfLoadExtension( 'SemanticCompoundQueries' );
wfLoadExtension( 'SemanticMediaWiki' );
wfLoadExtension( 'SemanticResultFormats' );
require_once "$IP/extensions/SideBarLike/SideBarLike.php";
require_once "$IP/extensions/SideBarSocialButtons/SideBarSocialButtons.php";
wfLoadExtension( 'SimpleBreadcrumb' );
wfLoadExtension( 'TemplateData' );
wfLoadExtension( 'TextExtracts' );
wfLoadExtension( 'Thanks' );
wfLoadExtension( 'TitleBlacklist' );
wfLoadExtension( 'UserPageEditProtection' );
wfLoadExtension( 'VisualEditor' );
wfLoadExtension( 'WikiEditor' );
wfLoadExtension( 'WikiSEO' );