Help:Exibindo uma fórmula

The Math extension uses a subset of TeX markup, including some extensions from LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX, to display mathematical formulas. It either generates SVG, MathML markup, or uses MathJax to render math on the client side, depending on user preferences and the complexity of the expression.

MathML and MathJax are planned to be used more in the future, with the SVG images becoming deprecated.

Mais precisamente, o MediaWiki filtra as marcações através do Texvc, que, por sua vez, passa os comandos ao TeX para a renderização real. Assim, apenas uma parte limitada de toda a linguagem TeX é suportada; veja abaixo para mais detalhes.

Sintaxe

Tradicionalmente, marcações matemáticas vão dentro da marcação em estilo XML: <math> ... </math>. A antiga barra de ferramentas de edição tem um botão para fazer isto, e é possível personalizar a barra de ferramentas do WikiEditor para adicionar um botão semelhante. Os ícones são como estes: e $\sqrt{n}$.

As with all XML-style tags, one can use the function #tag: {{#tag:math|...}}; this is more versatile: the wikitext at the dots is first expanded before interpreting the result as TeX code. Thus it can contain parameters, variables, parser functions and templates. Note however that with this syntax double braces in the TeX code must have a space in between, to avoid confusion with their use in template calls etc. Also, to produce the character "|" inside the TeX code, use {{!}}.

No TeX, assim como no HTML, espaços extras e novas linhas são ignorados.

Renderização

O texto alternativo de imagens PNG, que é exibido para deficientes visuais e outros leitores que não conseguem ver imagens e também é usado quando o texto é selecionado e copiado, é o padrão do wikitexto que produziu a imagem, excluindo o <math> e o </math>. Você pode substituir ele especificando explicitamente um atributo alt para o elemento math. Por exemplo, <math alt="Raiz quadrada de pi">\sqrt{\pi}</math> cria uma imagem com $\sqrt{\pi }$, que exibe-se como "Raiz quadrada de pi".

Independentemente dos nomes da função e do operador, tais como o habitual em expressões matemáticas para variáveis, letras estão em itálico; dígitos não. Para outro texto, (como rótulos variáveis) para evitar ser renderizado em itálico, como os variáveis, use \text, \mbox, ou \mathrm. Você pode também definir novos nomes de função usando \operatorname{...}. Por exemplo, <math>\text{abc}</math> exibirá $\text{abc}$. Isso não funciona com caracteres especiais, são ignorados a menos que a expressão <math> inteira que está renderizada em HTML:

Caracteres especiais

Os seguintes símbolos são caracteres reservados que, ou têm um significado especial para o LaTeX ou estão indisponíveis em todas as fontes.

# $ % ^ & _ { } ~ \

Alguns destes podem ser inseridos com uma barra invertida na frente:

<math>\# \$ \% \& \_ \{ \} </math> → $\#\$\%\mathrm{\&}\_\{\}$

Outros têm nomes especiais:

<math> \hat{} \quad \tilde{} \quad \backslash </math> → $\stackrel{}{^}\stackrel{}{~}\mathrm{\setminus }$

<span id="TeX_and_HTML">

TeX e HTML

Antes de introduzir uma marcação TeX para produzir caracteres especiais, deve ser notado que, assim como mostra esta tabela de comparação, às vezes resultados semelhantes podem ser arquivados em HTML (veja Help:Special characters).

TeX Syntax (forcing PNG)	TeX Rendering	HTML Syntax	HTML Rendering
<math>\alpha</math>	$\alpha$	{{math|<var>&alpha;</var>}}	α
<math> f(x) = x^2\,</math>	$f(x)=x^2$	{{math|''f''(<var>x</var>) {{=}} <var>x</var><sup>2</sup>}}	f(x) = x2
<math>\sqrt{2}</math>	$\sqrt{2}$	{{math|{{radical|2}}}}	√2
<math>\sqrt{1-e^2}</math>	$\sqrt{1-e^2}$	{{math|{{radical|1 &minus; ''e''&sup2;}}}}	√1 − e²

Os códigos na esquerda criam os símbolos na direita, mas os últimos também podem ser colocados diretamente no wikitexto, exceto por ‘=’.

Sintaxe	Renderização
α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς τ υ φ χ ψ ω Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Φ Ψ Ω	α β γ δ ε ζ η θ ι κ λ μ ν ξ ο π ρ σ ς τ υ φ χ ψ ω Γ Δ Θ Λ Ξ Π Σ Φ Ψ Ω
∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± &infty; ≈ ∝ {{=}} ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥ × ⋅ ÷ ∂ ′ ″ ∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø ∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑ ℵ - – —	∫ ∑ ∏ √ − ± ∞ ≈ ∝ = ≡ ≠ ≤ ≥ × ⋅ ÷ ∂ ′ ″ ∇ ‰ ° ∴ Ø ø ∈ ∉ ∩ ∪ ⊂ ⊃ ⊆ ⊇ ¬ ∧ ∨ ∃ ∀ ⇒ ⇔ → ↔ ↑ ℵ - – —

O projeto foi estabelecido tanto em HTML como em TeX, pois cada um tem vantagens em certas situações.

Prós do HTML

1. Fórmulas em HTML se comportam como texto normal. Fórmulas em HTML na linha sempre se alinham propriamente com o resto do texto em HTML, e, em certos graus, podem ser recortadas-e-coladas (não é um problema se o TeX for renderizado usando o MathJax, e o alinhamento não deverá ser um problema para renderizações em PNG, desde que o bug 32694 seja corrigido).
2. O fundo e o tamanho de fonte da fórmula corresponde ao resto do conteúdo em HTML (pode ser corrigido em fórmulas do TeX usando os comandos \pagecolor e \definecolor), e a aparência respeita o CSS e as configurações no navegador, enquanto a família tipográfica é convencionalmente alterada para ajudar você a identificar fórmulas.
3. Páginas usando códigos HTML para fórmulas usam menos dados para transmitir, que é importante para usuários com conexões à Internet lentas ou fracas (por exemplo, aqueles que usam conexões discadas ou móveis, que são ou lentas ou têm restrição de dados).
4. A formatação das fórmulas com códigos HTML será acessível para links de script pelo lado do cliente (também conhecidos como scriptlets).
5. A exibição de uma fórmula inserida usando modelos matemáticos pode ser convencionalmente alterada modificando os modelos envolvidos; esta modificação afetará todas as fórmulas relevantes sem nenhuma intervenção manual.
6. O código HTML, se inserido diligentemente, conterá todas as informações semânticas para transformar a equação em TeX ou em qualquer outro código necessário novamente. Ele até pode conter diferenças que o TeX pode não perceber. Por exemplo, {{math|''i''}} para a unidade imaginária e {{math|<var>i</var>}} para uma variável de índice arbitrária.
7. Fórmulas usando códigos HTML renderizarão-se o mais forte possível, independentemente de qual dispositivo é usado para renderizá-las.

1. The formula’s background and font size match the rest of HTML contents (this can be fixed on TeX formulas by using the commands \pagecolor and \definecolor) and the appearance respects CSS and browser settings while the typeface is conveniently altered to help you identify formulae.

1. Formulae typeset with HTML code will be accessible to client-side script links (a.k.a. scriptlets).

1. The display of a formula entered using mathematical templates can be conveniently altered by modifying the templates involved; this modification will affect all relevant formulae without any manual intervention.

1. The HTML code, if entered diligently, will contain all semantic information to transform the equation back to TeX or any other code as needed. It can even contain differences TeX does not normally catch, e.g. {{math|''i''}} for the imaginary unit and {{math|<var>i</var>}} for an arbitrary index variable.

1. Formulae using HTML code will render as sharp as possible no matter what device is used to render them.

<span id="Pros_of_TeX">

Prós do TeX

1. TeX is semantically more precise than HTML.

1. 1. In TeX, "<math>x</math>" means "mathematical variable $x$", whereas in HTML "x" is generic and somewhat ambiguous.

1. 1. On the other hand, if you encode the same formula as "{{math|<var>x</var>}}", you get the same visual result x and no information is lost. This requires diligence and more typing that could make the formula harder to understand as you type it.

1. One consequence of point 1 is that TeX code can be transformed into HTML, but not vice-versa (unless your wikitext follows the style of point 1.2). This means that on the server side we can always transform a formula, based on its complexity and location within the text, user preferences, type of browser, etc. Therefore, where possible, all the benefits of HTML can be retained, together with the benefits of TeX.

1. Another consequence of point 1 is that TeX can be converted to MathML (e.g. by MathJax) for browsers which support it, thus keeping its semantics and allowing the rendering to be better suited for the reader’s graphic device.

1. TeX is the preferred text formatting language of most professional mathematicians, scientists, and engineers writing in English. It is easier to persuade them to contribute if they can write in TeX.

1. TeX has been specifically designed for typesetting formulae, so input is easier and more natural if you are accustomed to it, and output is more aesthetically pleasing if you focus on a single formula rather than on the whole containing page.

1. Once a formula is done correctly in TeX, it will render reliably, whereas the success of HTML formulae is somewhat dependent on browsers or versions of browsers. Another aspect of this dependency is fonts: the serif font used for rendering formulae is browser-dependent and it may be missing some important glyphs. While the browser generally capable to substitute a matching glyph from a different font family, it need not be the case for combined glyphs (compare ‘ a̅ ’ and ‘ a̅ ’).

1. When writing in TeX, editors need not worry about whether this or that version of this or that browser supports this or that HTML entity. The burden of these decisions is put on the software. This does not hold for HTML formulae, which can easily end up being rendered wrongly or differently from the editor’s intentions on a different browser.

1. TeX formulae, by default, render larger and are usually more readable than HTML formulae and are not dependent on client-side browser resources, such as fonts, and so the results are more reliably WYSIWYG.

1. While TeX does not assist you in finding HTML codes or Unicode values (which you can obtain by viewing the HTML source in your browser), cutting and pasting from a TeX PNG in Wikipedia into simple text will return the LaTeX source.

In some cases it may be the best choice to use neither TeX nor the html-substitutes, but instead the simple ASCII symbols of a standard keyboard (see below, for an example).

Funções, símbolos e caracteres especiais

Acentos/diacríticos

\acute{a} \grave{a} \hat{a} \tilde{a} \breve{a}	$\acute{a}\stackrel{`}{a}\hat{a}\tilde{a}\breve{a}$
\check{a} \bar{a} \ddot{a} \dot{a}	$\check{a}\overline{a}\ddot{a}\dot{a}$

Funções padrão

\sin a \cos b \tan c	$\sin a\cos b\tan c$
\sec d \csc e \cot f	$\sec d\csc e\cot f$
\arcsin h \arccos i \arctan j	$\arcsin h\arccos i\arctan j$
\sinh k \cosh l \tanh m \coth n	$\sinh k\cosh l\tanh m\coth n$
\operatorname{sh}o\,\operatorname{ch}p\,\operatorname{th}q	$\mathrm{sh}o\mathrm{ch}p\mathrm{th}q$
\operatorname{arsinh}r\,\operatorname{arcosh}s\,\operatorname{artanh}t	$\mathrm{arsinh}r\mathrm{arcosh}s\mathrm{artanh}t$
\lim u \limsup v \liminf w \min x \max y	$\lim u\mathrm{lim\; sup}v\mathrm{lim\; inf}w\min x\max y$
\inf z \sup a \exp b \ln c \lg d \log e \log_{10} f \ker g	$\inf z\sup a\exp b\ln c\lg d\log e{\log }_{10}f\ker g$
\deg h \gcd i \Pr j \det k \hom l \arg m \dim n	$\mathrm{deg}h\gcd i\mathrm{Pr}j\det k\mathrm{hom}l\arg m\dim n$

Aritmética modular

s_k \equiv 0 \pmod{m}	$s_k\equiv 0(\mathrm{mod}m)$
a\,\bmod\,b	$amodb$

Derivados

\nabla \, \partial x \, dx \, \dot x \, \ddot y\, dy/dx\, \frac{dy}{dx}\, \frac{\partial^2 y}{\partial x_1\,\partial x_2}

$\mathrm{\nabla }\partial xdx\dot{x}\ddot{y}dy/dx\frac{dy}{dx}\frac{{\partial }^{2}y}{\partial x_1\partial x_2}$

Conjuntos

\forall \exists \empty \emptyset \varnothing	$\mathrm{\forall }\mathrm{\exists }\mathrm{\varnothing }\mathrm{\varnothing }\varnothing$
\in \ni \not\in \notin \not\ni \subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq	$\in \ni \in ̸\notin \ni ̸\subset \subseteq \supset \supseteq$
\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup \biguplus \setminus \smallsetminus	$\cap \bigcap \cup \bigcup ⨄\setminus \setminus$
\sqsubset \sqsubseteq \sqsupset \sqsupseteq \sqcap \sqcup \bigsqcup	$⊏⊑⊐⊒\sqcap \bigsqcup ⨆$

Operadores

+ \oplus \bigoplus \pm \mp -	$+\oplus ⨁\pm \mp -$
\times \otimes \bigotimes \cdot \circ \bullet \bigodot	$\times \otimes ⨂\cdot \circ \bullet ⨀$
\star * / \div \frac{1}{2}	$\star */÷\frac{1}{2}$

Lógica

\land (or \and) \wedge \bigwedge \bar{q} \to p	$\wedge \wedge \bigwedge \overline{q}\to p$
\lor \vee \bigvee \lnot \neg q \And	$\vee \vee \bigvee \mathrm{\neg }\mathrm{\neg }q\mathrm{\&}$

Raiz

\sqrt{2} \sqrt[n]{x}

$\sqrt{2}\sqrt[n]{x}$

Relações

\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot= \overset{\underset{\mathrm{def}}{}}{=}	$\sim \approx \simeq \cong \dot{=}\stackrel{\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}}{=}$
< \le \ll \gg \ge > \equiv \not\equiv \ne \mbox{or} \neq \propto	$<\le \ll \gg \ge >\equiv \equiv ̸\ne \text{or}\ne \propto$
\lessapprox \lesssim \eqslantless \leqslant \leqq \geqq \geqslant \eqslantgtr \gtrsim \gtrapprox	$⪅\lesssim ⪕⩽\leqq \geqq ⩾⪖\gtrsim ⪆$

Geometria

\Diamond \Box \triangle \angle \perp \mid \nmid \| 45^\circ

$◊◻\mathrm{△}\mathrm{\angle }\perp \mid \nmid \Vert 45^{\circ }$

Setas

\leftarrow (or \gets) \rightarrow (or \to) \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow \longleftarrow \longrightarrow \longleftrightarrow	$\leftarrow \to \nleftarrow \nrightarrow \leftrightarrow \nleftrightarrow ⟵⟶⟷$
\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \Leftrightarrow \nLeftrightarrow \Longleftarrow (or \impliedby) \Longrightarrow (or \implies) \Longleftrightarrow (or \iff)	$\Leftarrow \Rightarrow \nLeftarrow \nRightarrow \iff \nLeftrightarrow ⟸⟹⟺$
\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow	$\uparrow \downarrow \updownarrow \Uparrow \Downarrow \Updownarrow \nearrow \searrow \swarrow \nwarrow$
\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons	$\rightharpoonup \rightharpoondown \leftharpoonup \leftharpoondown \upharpoonleft \upharpoonright \downharpoonleft \downharpoonright \rightleftharpoons \leftrightharpoons$
\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright	$\curvearrowleft \circlearrowleft \Lsh \upuparrows \rightrightarrows \rightleftarrows \Rrightarrow \rightarrowtail \looparrowright$
\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft	$\curvearrowright \circlearrowright \Rsh \downdownarrows \leftleftarrows \leftrightarrows \Lleftarrow \leftarrowtail \looparrowleft$
\mapsto \longmapsto \hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow \multimap \leftrightsquigarrow \rightsquigarrow	$\mapsto ⟼\hookrightarrow \hookleftarrow ⊸\leftrightsquigarrow ⇝$

Especiais

\And \eth \S \P \% \dagger \ddagger \ldots \cdots \colon	$\mathrm{\&}\mathrm{ð}\mathrm{\S }\P \%†‡\dots \cdots :$
\smile \frown \wr \triangleleft \triangleright \infty \bot \top	$⌣⌢\wr ◃▹\mathrm{\infty }\mathrm{\perp }\mathrm{\top }$
\vdash \vDash \Vdash \models \lVert \rVert \imath \hbar	$⊢\models ⊩\models \Vert \Vert ı\hslash$
\ell \mho \Finv \Re \Im \wp \complement	$\ell \mho Ⅎ\mathrm{\Re }\mathrm{\Im }\mathrm{\wp }\complement$
\diamondsuit \heartsuit \clubsuit \spadesuit \Game \flat \natural \sharp	$\mathrm{♢}\mathrm{♡}\mathrm{♣}\mathrm{♠}⅁\mathrm{♭}\mathrm{♮}\mathrm{♯}$

Resto (novos)

\vartriangle \triangledown \lozenge \circledS \measuredangle \nexists \Bbbk \backprime \blacktriangle \blacktriangledown	$△▽◊\mathrm{Ⓢ}\measuredangle \nexists \mathbb{k}‵▴▾$
\square \blacksquare \blacklozenge \bigstar \sphericalangle \diagup \diagdown \dotplus \Cap \Cup \barwedge	$◻◼⧫★\sphericalangle ╱╲\dotplus ⋒⋓⊼$
\veebar \doublebarwedge \boxminus \boxtimes \boxdot \boxplus \divideontimes \ltimes \rtimes \leftthreetimes	$⊻⩞\boxminus ⊠⊡⊞\divideontimes ⋉⋊⋋$
\rightthreetimes \curlywedge \curlyvee \circleddash \circledast \circledcirc \centerdot \intercal \leqq \leqslant	$⋌⋏⋎⊝⊛⊚\cdot ⊺\leqq ⩽$
\eqslantless \lessapprox \approxeq \lessdot \lll \lessgtr \lesseqgtr \lesseqqgtr \doteqdot \risingdotseq	$⪕⪅\approxeq ⋖⋘\lessgtr ⋚⪋\doteqdot \risingdotseq$
\fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq \subseteqq \Subset \preccurlyeq \curlyeqprec \precsim \precapprox \vartriangleleft	$\fallingdotseq \backsim \backsimeq ⫅⋐\preccurlyeq ⋞\precsim ⪷⊲$
\Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim \gtrdot	$\Vvdash \bumpeq \Bumpeq \eqsim ⋗$
\ggg \gtrless \gtreqless \gtreqqless \eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \thicksim \thickapprox \supseteqq	$⋙\gtrless ⋛⪌\eqcirc \circeq \triangleq \sim \approx ⫆$
\Supset \succcurlyeq \curlyeqsucc \succsim \succapprox \vartriangleright \shortmid \between \shortparallel \pitchfork	$⋑\succcurlyeq ⋟\succsim ⪸⊳\mid \between \parallel ⋔$
\varpropto \blacktriangleleft \therefore \backepsilon \blacktriangleright \because \nleqslant \nleqq \lneq \lneqq	$\propto ◂\therefore ∍▸\because ⪇\nleqq ⪇\lneqq$
\lvertneqq \lnsim \lnapprox \nprec \npreceq \precneqq \precnsim \precnapprox \nsim \nshortmid	$\lneqq ⋦⪉\nprec ⋠⪵⋨⪹\nsim \nmid$
\nvdash \nVdash \ntriangleleft \ntrianglelefteq \nsubseteq \nsubseteqq \varsubsetneq \subsetneqq \varsubsetneqq \ngtr	$⊬⊮⋪⋬⊈⊈⊊⫋⫋\ngtr$
\subsetneq	$⊊$
\ngeqslant \ngeqq \gneq \gneqq \gvertneqq \gnsim \gnapprox \nsucc \nsucceq \succneqq	$⪈\ngeqq ⪈\gneqq \gneqq ⋧⪊\nsucc ⋡⪶$
\succnsim \succnapprox \ncong \nshortparallel \nparallel \nvDash \nVDash \ntriangleright \ntrianglerighteq \nsupseteq	$⋩⪺≆\nparallel \nparallel ⊭⊯⋫⋭⊉$
\nsupseteqq \varsupsetneq \supsetneqq \varsupsetneqq	$⊉⊋⫌⫌$
\jmath \surd \ast \uplus \diamond \bigtriangleup \bigtriangledown \ominus	$ȷ\surd \ast \uplus \diamond △▽\ominus$
\oslash \odot \bigcirc \amalg \prec \succ \preceq \succeq	$\oslash \odot ◯⨿\prec \succ ⪯⪰$
\dashv \asymp \doteq \parallel	$⊣\asymp \doteq \parallel$
\ulcorner \urcorner \llcorner \lrcorner	$⌜⌝⌞⌟$
\Coppa\coppa\Digamma\Koppa\koppa\Sampi\sampi\Stigma\stigma\varstigma	$ϘϙϜϞϟϠϡϚϛϛ$

Expressões maiores

Subscritos, sobrescritos e integrais

Função	Sintaxe	Quando renderizada
Sobrescrito	a^2	$a^2$
Subscrito	a_2	$a_2$
Agrupamento	a^{2+2}	$a^{2+2}$
	a_{i,j}	$a_{i,j}$
Combinação de sobescrito e sobrescrito sem e com separação horizontal	x_2^3	$x_2^3$
	{x_2}^3	${x_2}^3$
Super super	10^{10^{8}}	$10^{10^8}$
Sobescritos e sobrescritos precedentes e/ou adicionais	_nP_k	$n_{}{P}_k$
	\sideset{_1^2}{_3^4}\prod_a^b	$\underset{a}{\overset{b}{{}_1{}^2\prod _3^4}}$
	{}_1^2\!\Omega_3^4	${}_1^2{\mathrm{\Omega }}_3^4$
Empilhamento	\overset{\alpha}{\omega}	$\stackrel{\alpha }{\omega }$
	\underset{\alpha}{\omega}	$\underset{\alpha }{\omega }$
	\overset{\alpha}{\underset{\gamma}{\omega}}	$\stackrel{\alpha }{\underset{\gamma }{\omega }}$
	\stackrel{\alpha}{\omega}	$\stackrel{\alpha }{\omega }$
Derivativos	x', y'', f', f''	$x^{\prime },y^{″},f^{\prime },f^{″}$
	x^\prime, y^{\prime\prime}	$x^{\prime },y^{\prime \prime }$
Pontos derivativos	\dot{x}, \ddot{x}	$\dot{x},\ddot{x}$
Linhas inferiores e sobrepostas e vetores	\hat a \ \bar b \ \vec c	$\hat{a}\overline{b}\overrightarrow{c}$
	\overrightarrow{a b} \ \overleftarrow{c d} \ \widehat{d e f}	$\overrightarrow{ab}\overleftarrow{cd}\widehat{def}$
	\overline{g h i} \ \underline{j k l}	$\overline{ghi}\underset{\_}{jkl}$
	\not 1 \ \cancel{123}	$1\cancel{123}$
Arrows	A \xleftarrow{n+\mu-1} B \xrightarrow[T]{n\pm i-1} C	$A\stackrel{n+\mu -1}{\leftarrow }B\underset{T}{\overset{n\pm i-1}{\to }}C$
Chaves para cima	\overbrace{ 1+2+\cdots+100 }^{\text{sum}\,=\,5050}	$\stackrel{\text{sum}=5050}{\overbrace{1+2+\cdots +100}}$
Chaves para baixo	\underbrace{ a+b+\cdots+z }_{26\text{ terms}}	$\underset{26\text{ terms}}{\underbrace{a+b+\cdots +z}}$
Somatório	\sum_{k=1}^N k^2	$\sum _{k=1}^N{k}^2$
Sum (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \sum_{k=1}^N k^2	${\sum }_{k=1}^N{k}^2$
Produto	\prod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\prod _{i=1}^N{x}_i$
Produto (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \prod_{i=1}^N x_i	${\prod }_{i=1}^N{x}_i$
Coproduto	\coprod_{i=1}^N x_i	$\coprod _{i=1}^N{x}_i$
Coproduto (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \coprod_{i=1}^N x_i	${\coprod }_{i=1}^N{x}_i$
Limite	\lim_{n \to \infty}x_n	$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }{x}_n$
Limite (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \lim_{n \to \infty}x_n	$\underset{n\to \mathrm{\infty }}{\lim }{x}_n$
Integral	\int\limits_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx	$\underset{1}{\overset{3}{\int }}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}dx$
Integral (estilo de limites alternativo)	\int_{1}^{3}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}\, dx	$\underset{1}{\overset{3}{\int }}\frac{e^3/x}{x^2}dx$
Integral (force \textstyle)	\textstyle \int\limits_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	$\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$
Integral (force \textstyle, alternate limits style)	\textstyle \int_{-N}^{N} e^x\, dx	${\int }_{-N}^N{e}^{x}dx$
Integral duplo	\iint\limits_D \, dx\,dy	$\underset{D}{\iint }dxdy$
Integral triplo	\iiint\limits_E \, dx\,dy\,dz	$\underset{E}{\iiint }dxdydz$
Integral quádruplo	\iiiint\limits_F \, dx\,dy\,dz\,dt	$\underset{F}{⨌}dxdydzdt$
Integral de linha ou de caminho	\int_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy	$\underset{C}{\int }{x}^{3}dx+4y^{2}dy$
Integral de linha ou caminho fechado	\oint_C x^3\, dx + 4y^2\, dy	${\oint }_C{x}^{3}dx+4y^{2}dy$
Interseções	\bigcap_1^n p	$\bigcap _1^{n}p$
Uniões	\bigcup_1^k p	$\bigcup _1^{k}p$

Frações, matrizes e linhas múltiplas

Função	Sintaxe	Quando renderizada
Frações	\frac{1}{2}=0.5	$\frac{1}{2}=0.5$
Frações pequenas ("estilo de texto")	\tfrac{1}{2} = 0.5	$\frac{1}{2}=0.5$
Frações grandes ("estilo de exibição")	\dfrac{k}{k-1} = 0.5	$\frac{k}{k-1}=0.5$
Combinação de frações grandes e pequenas	\dfrac{ \tfrac{1}{2}[1-(\tfrac{1}{2})^n] }{ 1-\tfrac{1}{2} } = s_n	$\frac{\frac{1}{2}[1-(\frac{1}{2}{)}^n]}{1-\frac{1}{2}}=s_n$
Frações continuadas (note a diferença na formatação)	\cfrac{2}{ c + \cfrac{2}{ d + \cfrac{1}{2} } } = a \qquad \dfrac{2}{ c + \dfrac{2}{ d + \dfrac{1}{2} } } = a	$\frac{2}{c+\frac{2}{d+\frac{1}{2}}}=a\frac{2}{c+\frac{2}{d+\frac{1}{2}}}=a$
Coeficientes binomiais	\binom{n}{k}	$(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})$
Coeficientes binomiais pequenos ("estilo de texto")	\tbinom{n}{k}	$(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})$
Coeficientes binomiais grandes ("estilo de exibição")	\dbinom{n}{k}	$(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{k})$
Matrizes	\begin{matrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{matrix}	$\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}$
	\begin{vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{vmatrix}	$\left|\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\right|$
	\begin{Vmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Vmatrix}	$\Vert \begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\Vert$
	\begin{bmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & \cdots & 0 \end{bmatrix}	$\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& \cdots & 0\\ ⋮& \ddots & ⋮\\ 0& \cdots & 0\end{array}\right]$
	\begin{Bmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{Bmatrix}	$\left\{\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\right\}$
	\begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & v \end{pmatrix}	$\left(\begin{array}{cc}x& y\\ z& v\end{array}\right)$
	\bigl( \begin{smallmatrix} a&b\\ c&d \end{smallmatrix} \bigr)	$\left(\begin{array}{cc}a& b\\ c& d\end{array}\right)$
Matrizes (Arrays)	\begin{array}{|c|c||c|} a & b & S \\ \hline 0&0&1\\ 0&1&1\\ 1&0&1\\ 1&1&0 \end{array}	$\begin{array}{ccc}a& b& S\\ 0& 0& 1\\ 0& 1& 1\\ 1& 0& 1\\ 1& 1& 0\end{array}$
Chaves	f(n) = \begin{cases} n/2, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even} \\ 3n+1, & \mbox{if }n\mbox{ is odd} \end{cases}	$f(n)=\{\begin{array}{ll}n/2,& \text{if }n\text{ is even}\\ 3n+1,& \text{if }n\text{ is odd}\end{array}$
Sistema de equações	\begin{cases} 3x + 5y + z &= 1 \\ 7x - 2y + 4z &= 2 \\ -6x + 3y + 2z &= 3 \end{cases}	$\{\begin{array}{ll}3x+5y+z& =1\\ 7x-2y+4z& =2\\ -6x+3y+2z& =3\end{array}$
Terminando uma expressão grande para que se envolva quando necessário	<math>f(x) = \sum_{n=0}^\infty a_n x^n</math> <math>= a_0 + a_1x + a_2x^2 + \cdots</math>	$f(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_n{x}^n$ $=a_0+a_{1}x+a_2{x}^2+\cdots$
Equações em linhas múltiplas	\begin{align} f(x) & = (a+b)^2 \\ & = a^2+2ab+b^2 \end{align}	$\begin{array}{rl}f(x)& =(a+b{)}^2\\ & =a^2+2ab+b^2\end{array}$
	\begin{alignat}{2} f(x) & = (a-b)^2 \\ & = a^2-2ab+b^2 \end{alignat}	$\begin{array}{rl}f(x)& =(a-b{)}^2\\ & =a^2-2ab+b^2\end{array}$
Equações em linhas múltiplas com alinhamento especificado (left, center, right)	\begin{array}{lcl} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}	$\begin{array}{lcl}z& =& a\\ f(x,y,z)& =& x+y+z\end{array}$
	\begin{array}{lcr} z & = & a \\ f(x,y,z) & = & x + y + z \end{array}	$\begin{array}{lcr}z& =& a\\ f(x,y,z)& =& x+y+z\end{array}$

Colocando expressões grandes, colchetes e barras entre parênteses

Função	Sintaxe	Quando renderizada
Ruim	( \frac{1}{2} )	$(\frac{1}{2})$
Boa	\left ( \frac{1}{2} \right )	$\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)$

Você pode usar vários delimitadores com \left e \right:

Função	Sintaxe	Quando renderizada
Parênteses	\left ( \frac{a}{b} \right )	$\left(\frac{a}{b}\right)$
Colchetes	\left [ \frac{a}{b} \right ] \quad \left \lbrack \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrack	$\left[\frac{a}{b}\right]\left[\frac{a}{b}\right]$
Chaves (note a barra invertida antes das chaves no código)	\left \{ \frac{a}{b} \right \} \quad \left \lbrace \frac{a}{b} \right \rbrace	$\left\{\frac{a}{b}\right\}\left\{\frac{a}{b}\right\}$
Angle brackets	\left \langle \frac{a}{b} \right \rangle	$⟨\frac{a}{b}⟩$
Bars and double bars (note: "bars" provide the absolute value function)	\left | \frac{a}{b} \right \vert \left \Vert \frac{c}{d} \right \|	$\left|\frac{a}{b}\right|\Vert \frac{c}{d}\Vert$
Floor and ceiling functions:	\left \lfloor \frac{a}{b} \right \rfloor \left \lceil \frac{c}{d} \right \rceil	$\lfloor \frac{a}{b}\rfloor \lceil \frac{c}{d}\rceil$
Slashes and backslashes	\left / \frac{a}{b} \right \backslash	$/\frac{a}{b}\backslash$
Up, down and up-down arrows	\left \uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \downarrow \quad \left \Uparrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Downarrow \quad \left \updownarrow \frac{a}{b} \right \Updownarrow	$\uparrow \frac{a}{b}\downarrow \Uparrow \frac{a}{b}\Downarrow \updownarrow \frac{a}{b}\Updownarrow$
Delimiters can be mixed, as long as \left and \right are both used	\left [ 0,1 \right ) \left \langle \psi \right |	$[0,1)$ $⟨\psi |$
Use \left. or \right. if you don't want a delimiter to appear:	\left . \frac{A}{B} \right \} \to X	$\frac{A}{B}\}\to X$
Size of the delimiters	\big( \Big( \bigg( \Bigg( \dots \Bigg] \bigg] \Big] \big]	$\left(\right(\left(\right(\dots \left]\right]\left]\right]$
	\big\{ \Big\{ \bigg\{ \Bigg\{ \dots \Bigg\rangle \bigg\rangle \Big\rangle \big\rangle	$\left\{\right\{\left\{\right\{\dots ⟩⟩⟩⟩$
	\big| \Big| \bigg| \Bigg| \dots \Bigg\| \bigg\| \Big\| \big\|	$\left|\right|\left|\right|\dots \Vert \Vert \Vert \Vert$
	\big\lfloor \Big\lfloor \bigg\lfloor \Bigg\lfloor \dots \Bigg\rceil \bigg\rceil \Big\rceil \big\rceil	$\lfloor \lfloor \lfloor \lfloor \dots \rceil \rceil \rceil \rceil$
	\big\uparrow \Big\uparrow \bigg\uparrow \Bigg\uparrow \dots \Bigg\Downarrow \bigg\Downarrow \Big\Downarrow \big\Downarrow	$\uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \uparrow \dots \Downarrow \Downarrow \Downarrow \Downarrow$
	\big\updownarrow \Big\updownarrow \bigg\updownarrow \Bigg\updownarrow \dots \Bigg\Updownarrow \bigg\Updownarrow \Big\Updownarrow \big\Updownarrow	$\updownarrow \updownarrow \updownarrow \updownarrow \dots \Updownarrow \Updownarrow \Updownarrow \Updownarrow$
	\big / \Big / \bigg / \Bigg / \dots \Bigg\backslash \bigg\backslash \Big\backslash \big\backslash	$////\dots \backslash \backslash \backslash \backslash$

Alfabetos e famílias tipográficas

O Texvc não pode renderizar caracteres Unicode arbitrários. Caracteres suportados podem ser inseridos pelas expressões abaixo. Para outros, como o Cirílico, podem ser inseridos como Unicode ou entidades HTML no texto exibido, mas não podem ser usados em fórmulas exibidas.

Alfabeto grego
\Alpha \Beta \Gamma \Delta \Epsilon \Zeta	$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{E}\mathrm{Z}$
\Eta \Theta \Iota \Kappa \Lambda \Mu	$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{I}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{M}$
\Nu \Xi \Omicron \Pi \Rho \Sigma \Tau	$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{\Xi }O\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{P}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{T}$
\Upsilon \Phi \Chi \Psi \Omega	$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{X}\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Omega }$
\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \zeta	$\alpha \beta \gamma \delta ϵ\zeta$
\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu	$\eta \theta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu$
\nu \xi \omicron \pi \rho \sigma \tau	$\nu \xi o\pi \rho \sigma \tau$
\upsilon \phi \chi \psi \omega	$\upsilon \varphi \chi \psi \omega$
\varepsilon \digamma \vartheta \varkappa	$\epsilon ϝ\vartheta \varkappa$
\varpi \varrho \varsigma \varphi	$\varpi \varrho \varsigma \phi$
Blackboard Bold/Scripts
\mathbb{A} \mathbb{B} \mathbb{C} \mathbb{D} \mathbb{E} \mathbb{F} \mathbb{G}	$\mathbb{𝔸}\mathbb{𝔹}\mathbb{ℂ}\mathbb{𝔻}\mathbb{𝔼}\mathbb{𝔽}\mathbb{𝔾}$
\mathbb{H} \mathbb{I} \mathbb{J} \mathbb{K} \mathbb{L} \mathbb{M}	$\mathbb{ℍ}\mathbb{𝕀}\mathbb{𝕁}\mathbb{𝕂}\mathbb{𝕃}\mathbb{𝕄}$
\mathbb{N} \mathbb{O} \mathbb{P} \mathbb{Q} \mathbb{R} \mathbb{S} \mathbb{T}	$\mathbb{\mathbb{N}}\mathbb{𝕆}\mathbb{\mathbb{P}}\mathbb{\mathbb{Q}}\mathbb{ℝ}\mathbb{𝕊}\mathbb{𝕋}$
\mathbb{U} \mathbb{V} \mathbb{W} \mathbb{X} \mathbb{Y} \mathbb{Z}	$\mathbb{𝕌}\mathbb{𝕍}\mathbb{𝕎}\mathbb{𝕏}\mathbb{𝕐}\mathbb{\mathbb{Z}}$
\C \N \Q \R \Z	$\mathbb{ℂ}\mathbb{\mathbb{N}}\mathbb{\mathbb{Q}}\mathbb{ℝ}\mathbb{\mathbb{Z}}$
negrito (vetores)
\mathbf{A} \mathbf{B} \mathbf{C} \mathbf{D} \mathbf{E} \mathbf{F} \mathbf{G}	$\mathbf{A}\mathbf{B}\mathbf{C}\mathbf{D}\mathbf{E}\mathbf{F}\mathbf{G}$
\mathbf{H} \mathbf{I} \mathbf{J} \mathbf{K} \mathbf{L} \mathbf{M}	$\mathbf{H}\mathbf{I}\mathbf{J}\mathbf{K}\mathbf{L}\mathbf{M}$
\mathbf{N} \mathbf{O} \mathbf{P} \mathbf{Q} \mathbf{R} \mathbf{S} \mathbf{T}	$\mathbf{N}\mathbf{O}\mathbf{P}\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{R}\mathbf{S}\mathbf{T}$
\mathbf{U} \mathbf{V} \mathbf{W} \mathbf{X} \mathbf{Y} \mathbf{Z}	$\mathbf{U}\mathbf{V}\mathbf{W}\mathbf{X}\mathbf{Y}\mathbf{Z}$
\mathbf{a} \mathbf{b} \mathbf{c} \mathbf{d} \mathbf{e} \mathbf{f} \mathbf{g}	$\mathbf{a}\mathbf{b}\mathbf{c}\mathbf{d}\mathbf{e}\mathbf{f}\mathbf{g}$
\mathbf{h} \mathbf{i} \mathbf{j} \mathbf{k} \mathbf{l} \mathbf{m}	$\mathbf{h}\mathbf{i}\mathbf{j}\mathbf{k}\mathbf{l}\mathbf{m}$
\mathbf{n} \mathbf{o} \mathbf{p} \mathbf{q} \mathbf{r} \mathbf{s} \mathbf{t}	$\mathbf{n}\mathbf{o}\mathbf{p}\mathbf{q}\mathbf{r}\mathbf{s}\mathbf{t}$
\mathbf{u} \mathbf{v} \mathbf{w} \mathbf{x} \mathbf{y} \mathbf{z}	$\mathbf{u}\mathbf{v}\mathbf{w}\mathbf{x}\mathbf{y}\mathbf{z}$
\mathbf{0} \mathbf{1} \mathbf{2} \mathbf{3} \mathbf{4}	$\mathbf{0}\mathbf{1}\mathbf{2}\mathbf{3}\mathbf{4}$
\mathbf{5} \mathbf{6} \mathbf{7} \mathbf{8} \mathbf{9}	$\mathbf{5}\mathbf{6}\mathbf{7}\mathbf{8}\mathbf{9}$
Negrito (grego)
\boldsymbol{\Alpha} \boldsymbol{\Beta} \boldsymbol{\Gamma} \boldsymbol{\Delta} \boldsymbol{\Epsilon} \boldsymbol{\Zeta}	$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{\Gamma }\mathrm{\Delta }\mathrm{E}\mathrm{Z}$
\boldsymbol{\Eta} \boldsymbol{\Theta} \boldsymbol{\Iota} \boldsymbol{\Kappa} \boldsymbol{\Lambda} \boldsymbol{\Mu}	$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{\Theta }\mathrm{I}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{\Lambda }\mathrm{M}$
\boldsymbol{\Nu} \boldsymbol{\Xi} \boldsymbol{\Omicron} \boldsymbol{\Pi} \boldsymbol{\Rho} \boldsymbol{\Sigma} \boldsymbol{\Tau}	$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{\Xi }\mathit{O}\mathrm{\Pi }\mathrm{P}\mathrm{\Sigma }\mathrm{T}$
\boldsymbol{\Upsilon} \boldsymbol{\Phi} \boldsymbol{\Chi} \boldsymbol{\Psi} \boldsymbol{\Omega}	$\mathrm{{\rm Y}}\mathrm{\Phi }\mathrm{X}\mathrm{\Psi }\mathrm{\Omega }$
\boldsymbol{\alpha} \boldsymbol{\beta} \boldsymbol{\gamma} \boldsymbol{\delta} \boldsymbol{\epsilon} \boldsymbol{\zeta}	$\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{\beta }\mathit{\gamma }\mathit{\delta }\mathit{ϵ}\mathit{\zeta }$
\boldsymbol{\eta} \boldsymbol{\theta} \boldsymbol{\iota} \boldsymbol{\kappa} \boldsymbol{\lambda} \boldsymbol{\mu}	$\mathit{\eta }\mathit{\theta }\mathit{\iota }\mathit{\kappa }\mathit{\lambda }\mathit{\mu }$
\boldsymbol{\nu} \boldsymbol{\xi} \boldsymbol{\omicron} \boldsymbol{\pi} \boldsymbol{\rho} \boldsymbol{\sigma} \boldsymbol{\tau}	$\mathit{\nu }\mathit{\xi }\mathit{o}\mathit{\pi }\mathit{\rho }\mathit{\sigma }\mathit{\tau }$
\boldsymbol{\upsilon} \boldsymbol{\phi} \boldsymbol{\chi} \boldsymbol{\psi} \boldsymbol{\omega}	$\mathit{\upsilon }\mathit{\varphi }\mathit{\chi }\mathit{\psi }\mathit{\omega }$
\boldsymbol{\varepsilon} \boldsymbol{\digamma} \boldsymbol{\vartheta} \boldsymbol{\varkappa}	$\mathit{\epsilon }\mathit{ϝ}\mathit{\vartheta }\mathit{\varkappa }$
\boldsymbol{\varpi} \boldsymbol{\varrho} \boldsymbol{\varsigma} \boldsymbol{\varphi}	$\mathit{\varpi }\mathit{\varrho }\mathit{\varsigma }\mathit{\phi }$
Itálico
\mathit{A} \mathit{B} \mathit{C} \mathit{D} \mathit{E} \mathit{F} \mathit{G}	$\mathit{A}\mathit{B}\mathit{C}\mathit{D}\mathit{E}\mathit{F}\mathit{G}$
\mathit{H} \mathit{I} \mathit{J} \mathit{K} \mathit{L} \mathit{M}	$\mathit{H}\mathit{I}\mathit{J}\mathit{K}\mathit{L}\mathit{M}$
\mathit{N} \mathit{O} \mathit{P} \mathit{Q} \mathit{R} \mathit{S} \mathit{T}	$\mathit{N}\mathit{O}\mathit{P}\mathit{Q}\mathit{R}\mathit{S}\mathit{T}$
\mathit{U} \mathit{V} \mathit{W} \mathit{X} \mathit{Y} \mathit{Z}	$\mathit{U}\mathit{V}\mathit{W}\mathit{X}\mathit{Y}\mathit{Z}$
\mathit{a} \mathit{b} \mathit{c} \mathit{d} \mathit{e} \mathit{f} \mathit{g}	$\mathit{a}\mathit{b}\mathit{c}\mathit{d}\mathit{e}\mathit{f}\mathit{g}$
\mathit{h} \mathit{i} \mathit{j} \mathit{k} \mathit{l} \mathit{m}	$\mathit{h}\mathit{i}\mathit{j}\mathit{k}\mathit{l}\mathit{m}$
\mathit{n} \mathit{o} \mathit{p} \mathit{q} \mathit{r} \mathit{s} \mathit{t}	$\mathit{n}\mathit{o}\mathit{p}\mathit{q}\mathit{r}\mathit{s}\mathit{t}$
\mathit{u} \mathit{v} \mathit{w} \mathit{x} \mathit{y} \mathit{z}	$\mathit{u}\mathit{v}\mathit{w}\mathit{x}\mathit{y}\mathit{z}$
\mathit{0} \mathit{1} \mathit{2} \mathit{3} \mathit{4}	$\mathit{0}\mathit{1}\mathit{2}\mathit{3}\mathit{4}$
\mathit{5} \mathit{6} \mathit{7} \mathit{8} \mathit{9}	$\mathit{5}\mathit{6}\mathit{7}\mathit{8}\mathit{9}$
Família de fonte romana
\mathrm{A} \mathrm{B} \mathrm{C} \mathrm{D} \mathrm{E} \mathrm{F} \mathrm{G}	$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{B}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{F}\mathrm{G}$
\mathrm{H} \mathrm{I} \mathrm{J} \mathrm{K} \mathrm{L} \mathrm{M}	$\mathrm{H}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{J}\mathrm{K}\mathrm{L}\mathrm{M}$
\mathrm{N} \mathrm{O} \mathrm{P} \mathrm{Q} \mathrm{R} \mathrm{S} \mathrm{T}	$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}\mathrm{P}\mathrm{Q}\mathrm{R}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{T}$
\mathrm{U} \mathrm{V} \mathrm{W} \mathrm{X} \mathrm{Y} \mathrm{Z}	$\mathrm{U}\mathrm{V}\mathrm{W}\mathrm{X}\mathrm{Y}\mathrm{Z}$
\mathrm{a} \mathrm{b} \mathrm{c} \mathrm{d} \mathrm{e} \mathrm{f} \mathrm{g}	$\mathrm{a}\mathrm{b}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{g}$
\mathrm{h} \mathrm{i} \mathrm{j} \mathrm{k} \mathrm{l} \mathrm{m}	$\mathrm{h}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{j}\mathrm{k}\mathrm{l}\mathrm{m}$
\mathrm{n} \mathrm{o} \mathrm{p} \mathrm{q} \mathrm{r} \mathrm{s} \mathrm{t}	$\mathrm{n}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{p}\mathrm{q}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{s}\mathrm{t}$
\mathrm{u} \mathrm{v} \mathrm{w} \mathrm{x} \mathrm{y} \mathrm{z}	$\mathrm{u}\mathrm{v}\mathrm{w}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{y}\mathrm{z}$
\mathrm{0} \mathrm{1} \mathrm{2} \mathrm{3} \mathrm{4}	$\mathrm{0}\mathrm{1}\mathrm{2}\mathrm{3}\mathrm{4}$
\mathrm{5} \mathrm{6} \mathrm{7} \mathrm{8} \mathrm{9}	$\mathrm{5}\mathrm{6}\mathrm{7}\mathrm{8}\mathrm{9}$
Família de fonte Fraktur
\mathfrak{A} \mathfrak{B} \mathfrak{C} \mathfrak{D} \mathfrak{E} \mathfrak{F} \mathfrak{G}	$\mathfrak{𝔄}\mathfrak{𝔅}\mathfrak{ℭ}\mathfrak{𝔇}\mathfrak{𝔈}\mathfrak{𝔉}\mathfrak{𝔊}$
\mathfrak{H} \mathfrak{I} \mathfrak{J} \mathfrak{K} \mathfrak{L} \mathfrak{M}	$\mathfrak{ℌ}\mathfrak{\Im }\mathfrak{𝔍}\mathfrak{𝔎}\mathfrak{𝔏}\mathfrak{𝔐}$
\mathfrak{N} \mathfrak{O} \mathfrak{P} \mathfrak{Q} \mathfrak{R} \mathfrak{S} \mathfrak{T}	$\mathfrak{𝔑}\mathfrak{𝔒}\mathfrak{𝔓}\mathfrak{𝔔}\mathfrak{\Re }\mathfrak{𝔖}\mathfrak{𝔗}$
\mathfrak{U} \mathfrak{V} \mathfrak{W} \mathfrak{X} \mathfrak{Y} \mathfrak{Z}	$\mathfrak{𝔘}\mathfrak{𝔙}\mathfrak{𝔚}\mathfrak{𝔛}\mathfrak{𝔜}\mathfrak{\mathbb{Z}}$
\mathfrak{a} \mathfrak{b} \mathfrak{c} \mathfrak{d} \mathfrak{e} \mathfrak{f} \mathfrak{g}	$\mathfrak{𝔞}\mathfrak{𝔟}\mathfrak{𝔠}\mathfrak{𝔡}\mathfrak{𝔢}\mathfrak{𝔣}\mathfrak{𝔤}$
\mathfrak{h} \mathfrak{i} \mathfrak{j} \mathfrak{k} \mathfrak{l} \mathfrak{m}	$\mathfrak{𝔥}\mathfrak{𝔦}\mathfrak{𝔧}\mathfrak{𝔨}\mathfrak{𝔩}\mathfrak{𝔪}$
\mathfrak{n} \mathfrak{o} \mathfrak{p} \mathfrak{q} \mathfrak{r} \mathfrak{s} \mathfrak{t}	$\mathfrak{𝔫}\mathfrak{𝔬}\mathfrak{𝔭}\mathfrak{𝔮}\mathfrak{𝔯}\mathfrak{𝔰}\mathfrak{𝔱}$
\mathfrak{u} \mathfrak{v} \mathfrak{w} \mathfrak{x} \mathfrak{y} \mathfrak{z}	$\mathfrak{𝔲}\mathfrak{𝔳}\mathfrak{𝔴}\mathfrak{𝔵}\mathfrak{𝔶}\mathfrak{𝔷}$
\mathfrak{0} \mathfrak{1} \mathfrak{2} \mathfrak{3} \mathfrak{4}	$\mathfrak{0}\mathfrak{1}\mathfrak{2}\mathfrak{3}\mathfrak{4}$
\mathfrak{5} \mathfrak{6} \mathfrak{7} \mathfrak{8} \mathfrak{9}	$\mathfrak{5}\mathfrak{6}\mathfrak{7}\mathfrak{8}\mathfrak{9}$
Caligrafia/Script
\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{C} \mathcal{D} \mathcal{E} \mathcal{F} \mathcal{G}	$\mathcal{𝒜}\mathcal{ℬ}\mathcal{𝒞}\mathcal{𝒟}\mathcal{ℰ}\mathcal{ℱ}\mathcal{𝒢}$
\mathcal{H} \mathcal{I} \mathcal{J} \mathcal{K} \mathcal{L} \mathcal{M}	$\mathcal{\mathscr{H}}\mathcal{ℐ}\mathcal{𝒥}\mathcal{𝒦}\mathcal{ℒ}\mathcal{ℳ}$
\mathcal{N} \mathcal{O} \mathcal{P} \mathcal{Q} \mathcal{R} \mathcal{S} \mathcal{T}	$\mathcal{𝒩}\mathcal{𝒪}\mathcal{𝒫}\mathcal{𝒬}\mathcal{ℛ}\mathcal{𝒮}\mathcal{𝒯}$
\mathcal{U} \mathcal{V} \mathcal{W} \mathcal{X} \mathcal{Y} \mathcal{Z}	$\mathcal{𝒰}\mathcal{𝒱}\mathcal{𝒲}\mathcal{𝒳}\mathcal{𝒴}\mathcal{𝒵}$
Hebreu
\aleph \beth \gimel \daleth	$\mathrm{\aleph }\beth \gimel \daleth$

Função	Sintaxe	Quando renderizada
caracteres não-itálicos	\mbox{abc}	$\text{abc}$
itálico misturado (ruim)	\mbox{if} n \mbox{is even}	$\text{if}n\text{is even}$
itálico misturado (bom)	\mbox{if }n\mbox{ is even}	$\text{if }n\text{ is even}$
itálico misturado (mais legível: ~ é um espaço rígido (nbsp), enquanto "\ " força um espaço)	\mbox{if}~n\ \mbox{is even}	$\text{if}n\text{is even}$

Cor

Equações podem usar cores:

• {\color{Blue}x^2}+{\color{YellowOrange}2x}-{\color{OliveGreen}1}

  $x^2+2x-1$

• x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{\color{Red}b^2-4ac}}{2a}

  $x_{1,2}=\frac{-b\pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}$

Veja aqui todos os nomes de cores suportados pelo LaTeX.

Note que a cor não deve ser usada como a única maneira de identificar algo, pois não terá sentido em mídias brancas-e-pretas ou para daltônicos. Veja .

Problemas de formatação

Espaçamento

Note que o TeX lida com a maioria dos espaçamentos automaticamente, mas, às vezes, você pode querer um controle manual.

Função	Sintaxe	Quando renderizada
espaço de quadratim duplo	a \qquad b	$ab$
espaço de quadratim	a \quad b	$ab$
espaço de texto	a\ b	$ab$
espaço de texto sem conversão em PNG	a \mbox{ } b	$ab$
espaço largo	a\;b	$ab$
espaço médio	a\>b	[not supported]
espaço fino	a\,b	$ab$
sem espaço	ab	$ab$
espaço fino negativo	a\!b	$ab$

O espaçamento automático pode não funcionar em expressões muito longas (pois produzem uma hbox muito cheia no TeX):

<math>0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots</math>

$0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots$

Isto pode ser sanado colocando um par de chaves { } em volta de toda a expressão:

<math>{0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots}</math>

$0+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10+11+12+13+14+15+16+17+18+19+20+\cdots$

Empty horizontal or vertical spacing

The phantom commands create empty horizontal and/or vertical space the same height and/or width of the argument.

Feature	Syntax	How it looks rendered
Empty horizontal and vertical spacing	\Gamma^{\phantom{i}j}_{i\phantom{j}k}	${\mathrm{\Gamma }}_{i\phantom{j}k}^{\phantom{i}j}$
Empty vertical spacing	-e\sqrt{\vphantom{p'}p},\; -e'\sqrt{p'},\; \ldots	$-e\sqrt{\phantom{p^{\prime }}p},-e^{\prime }\sqrt{p^{\prime }},\dots$
Empty horizontal spacing	\int u^2\,du=\underline{\hphantom{(2/3)u^3+C}}	$\int u^{2}du=\underset{\_}{\phantom{(2/3)u^3+C}}$

Alinhamento com o fluxo de texto normal

Por causa do css padrão

img.tex { vertical-align: middle; }

uma expressão como $\underset{-N}{\overset{N}{\int }}{e}^{x}dx$ deve parecer boa.

Caso precise alinhá-la de outra forma, use <math style="vertical-align:-100%;">...</math> e teste o argumento vertical-align até o entender; no entanto, seu jeito de exibição pode variar de acordo com o navegador e suas configurações.

Também note que caso contar com essa solução alternativa, se/quando a renderização no servidor for corrigida em versões futuras, como resultado desta compensação manual extra, suas fórmulas ficarão desalinhadas subitamente. Portanto, use com moderação.

Chemistry

There are two ways to render chemical sum formulae as used in chemical equations:

• <math chem>
• <chem>

<chem>X</chem> is short for <math chem>\ce{X}</math>.

(where X is a chemical sum formula)

Technically, <math chem> is a math tag with the extension mhchem enabled, according to the mathjax documentation.

Note, that the commands \cee and \cf are disabled, because they are marked as deprecated in the mhchem LaTeX package documentation.

If the formula reaches a certain "complexity", spaces might be ignored (<chem>A + B</chem> might be rendered as if it were <chem>A+B</chem> with a positive charge). In that case, write <chem>A{} + B</chem> (and not <chem>{A} + {B}</chem> as was previously suggested). This will allow auto-cleaning of formulae once the bug will be fixed and/or a newer mhchem version will be used.

See examples below.

Exemplos

Chemistry

<chem>C6H5-CHO</chem>
$\mathrm{C}{\phantom{A}}_6\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}_5-\mathrm{C}\mathrm{H}\mathrm{O}$

<chem>\mathit{A} ->[\ce{+H2O}] \mathit{B}</chem>
$\mathit{A}\stackrel{+\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}_2\mathrm{O}}{\to }\mathit{B}$

<math chem>A \ce{->[\ce{+H2O}]} B</math>
$A\stackrel{+\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}_2\mathrm{O}}{\to }B$

<chem>SO4^2- + Ba^2+ -> BaSO4 v</chem>
$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}{\phantom{A}}_4{\phantom{A}}^{2-}+\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}{\phantom{A}}^{2+}⟶\mathrm{B}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{S}\mathrm{O}{\phantom{A}}_4\downarrow$

<chem>H2NCO2- + H2O <=> NH4+ + CO3^2-</chem>
$\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}_2\mathrm{N}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}{\phantom{A}}_2{\phantom{A}}^{-}+\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}_2\mathrm{O}\stackrel{-\rightharpoonup }{\leftharpoondown -}\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}_4{\phantom{A}}^{+}+\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}{\phantom{A}}_3{\phantom{A}}^{2-}$

<chem>H2O</chem>
$\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}_2\mathrm{O}$

<chem>Sb2O3</chem>
$\mathrm{S}\mathrm{b}{\phantom{A}}_2\mathrm{O}{\phantom{A}}_3$

<chem>H+</chem>
$\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}^{+}$

<chem>CrO4^2-</chem>
$\mathrm{C}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{O}{\phantom{A}}_4{\phantom{A}}^{2-}$

<chem>AgCl2-</chem>
$\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}{\phantom{A}}_2{\phantom{A}}^{-}$

<chem>[AgCl2]-</chem>
$[\mathrm{A}\mathrm{g}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}{\phantom{A}}_2]{\phantom{A}}^{-}$

<chem>Y^{99}+</chem>
$\mathrm{Y}{\phantom{A}}^{99+}$

<chem>Y^{99+}</chem>
$\mathrm{Y}{\phantom{A}}^{99+}$

<chem>H2_{(aq)}</chem>
$\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}_2{\phantom{A}}_{(\mathrm{a}\mathrm{q})}$

<chem>NO3-</chem>
$\mathrm{N}\mathrm{O}{\phantom{A}}_3{\phantom{A}}^{-}$

<chem>(NH4)2S</chem>
$(\mathrm{N}\mathrm{H}{\phantom{A}}_4){\phantom{A}}_2\mathrm{S}$

Polinômio Quadrático

$a{x}^2+bx+c=0$

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0</math>

Polinômio Quadrático (Renderização em PNG Forçada)

$a{x}^2+bx+c=0$

<math>ax^2 + bx + c = 0\,</math>

Fórmula Quadrática

$x=\frac{-b\pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}$

<math>x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}</math>

Frações em Parênteses

$2=\left(\frac{(3-x)\times 2}{3-x}\right)$

<math>2 = \left(
 \frac{\left(3-x\right) \times 2}{3-x}
 \right)</math>

$S_{\text{new}}=S_{\text{old}}-\frac{{(5-T)}^2}{2}$

 <math>S_{\text{new}} = S_{\text{old}} - \frac{ \left( 5-T \right) ^2} {2}</math>
 

Integrais

$\underset{a}{\overset{x}{\int }}\underset{a}{\overset{s}{\int }}f(y)dyds=\underset{a}{\overset{x}{\int }}f(y)(x-y)dy$

<math>\int_a^x \!\!\!\int_a^s f(y)\,dy\,ds
 = \int_a^x f(y)(x-y)\,dy</math>

Somatório

$\sum _{m=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\sum _{n=1}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{m^{2}n}{3^m(m{3}^n+n{3}^m)}$

<math>\sum_{m=1}^\infty\sum_{n=1}^\infty\frac{m^2\,n}
 {3^m\left(m\,3^n+n\,3^m\right)}</math>

Equação Diferencial

$u^{″}+p(x)u^{\prime }+q(x)u=f(x),x>a$

<math>u'' + p(x)u' + q(x)u=f(x),\quad x>a</math>

Números complexos

$\left|\overline{z}\right|=\left|z\right|,|(\overline{z}{)}^n|=|z{|}^n,\arg (z^n)=n\arg (z)$

<math>|\bar{z}| = |z|,
 |(\bar{z})^n| = |z|^n,
 \arg(z^n) = n \arg(z)</math>

Limites

$\underset{z\to z_0}{\lim }f(z)=f(z_0)$

<math>\lim_{z\rightarrow z_0} f(z)=f(z_0)</math>

Equação Integral

${\varphi }_n(\kappa )=\frac{1}{4{\pi }^2{\kappa }^2}\underset{0}{\overset{\mathrm{\infty }}{\int }}\frac{\sin (\kappa R)}{\kappa R}\frac{\partial }{\partial R}\left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]dR$

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) =
 \frac{1}{4\pi^2\kappa^2} \int_0^\infty
 \frac{\sin(\kappa R)}{\kappa R}
 \frac{\partial}{\partial R}
 \left[R^2\frac{\partial D_n(R)}{\partial R}\right]\,dR</math>

Exemplo

${\varphi }_n(\kappa )=0.033C_n^2{\kappa }^{-11/3},\frac{1}{L_0}\ll \kappa \ll \frac{1}{l_0}$

<math>\phi_n(\kappa) = 
 0.033C_n^2\kappa^{-11/3},\quad
 \frac{1}{L_0}\ll\kappa\ll\frac{1}{l_0}</math>

=Continuação e casos

$f(x)=\{\begin{array}{ll}1& -1\le x<0\\ \frac{1}{2}& x=0\\ 1-x^2& \text{otherwise}\end{array}$

<math>
 f(x) =
 \begin{cases}
 1 & -1 \le x < 0 \\
 \frac{1}{2} & x = 0 \\
 1 - x^2 & \mbox{otherwise}
 \end{cases}
 </math>

Subscrito com prefixo

${}_p{F}_q(a_1,\dots ,a_p;c_1,\dots ,c_q;z)=\sum _{n=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}\frac{(a_1{)}_n\cdots (a_p{)}_n}{(c_1{)}_n\cdots (c_q{)}_n}\frac{z^n}{n!}$

 <math>{}_pF_q(a_1,\dots,a_p;c_1,\dots,c_q;z)
 = \sum_{n=0}^\infty
 \frac{(a_1)_n\cdots(a_p)_n}{(c_1)_n\cdots(c_q)_n}
 \frac{z^n}{n!}</math>

Fração e pequena fração

$\frac{a}{b}$   $\frac{a}{b}$
<math> \frac {a}{b}\  \tfrac {a}{b} </math>

Denúncias de bugs

Bug reports and feature requests should be reported on Phabricator with the tag Math.

Ver também

• Comparação entre a sintaxe ParserFunctions e a sintaxe TeX
• Formatação de fórmulas matemáticas
• Score — extensão para marcação de música
• Tabela de símbolos matemáticos
• mw:Extension:Blahtex, ou blahtex: um conversor de LaTeX para MathML para a Wikipédia
• Ajuda geral sobre editar um página da Wiki
• Mimetex alternative para outra maneira de exibir fórmulas matemáticas usando o Mimetex.cgi

Ligações externas

• A LaTeX tutorial
• LaTeX, A Short Course: Typesetting Mathematics
• A paper introducing TeX—see page 39 onwards for a good introduction to the maths side of things.
• A paper introducing LaTeX—skip to page 49 for the math section. See page 63 for a complete reference list of symbols included in LaTeX and AMS-LaTeX.
• The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List
• Comprehensive List of Mathematical Symbols
• AMS-LaTeX guide
• A set of public domain fixed-size math symbol bitmaps
• MathML: A product of the W3C Math working group, is a low-level specification for describing mathematics as a basis for machine to machine communication.